Drivetrain oil catch cans
Originally Posted by dominicminicoopers
It's been three days and no-one has reported back any findings whatsoever. Some say they already know what it's doing. Some say they conducted the above test. However no-one has reported their findings. What a bummer that so many want to "keyboard"-wrench and not actually talk about what it actually occurring in real life. I think the ol' saying is quite apropo here: You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot force 'em to drink.
I just did not want to yell the answer out, I did the test the very next morning and PM'd the results to you.
VACUUM/SUCTION
You have to give a brother credit when credit is due.
VACUUM/SUCTION
Just in case anyone missed the answer and FWIW it was a very clean test...no dirt what so ever.
VACUUM/SUCTION
Originally Posted by pure&simple
So does the hair dryer, the NA engine, or the supercharged engine actually create measurable vacuum in front of the inlet? No. Measurable vacuum is only possible in back of an obstruction in the intake path, such as a mostly closed throttle body, or your hand over the toilet paper tube (or, I suppose, with an absolutely ridiculous pressure differential). The key word, of course, is "measurable" vacuum, because obviously a pressure differential is making the air move. It's just that the air moves so fast, it resolves the pressure differential almost instantly. This was obehave's point - there is no measurable vacuum at the inlet so how can you say a vacuum exists there? To say that a supercharger creates a vacuum at its inlet is not really accurate in engineering terms, nor in the way that the word is typically used in the automotive field.
Also the tone of your thread was that of politeness, IMHO if the thread had remained that way it would not be up to six oh seven pages now.

I have a question and not an attack.....
Using the toilet paper roll analogy, isn't this the same as our intake and isn't it creating a form a of restriction?
Thanks
Suction/Vacuum Video
We had to watch this video taken on an aircraft carrier in college a few times.
The guy did live!!!!!! So lets ask him what he thinks about Vacuum/Suction in front a an engine.
Enjoy the entertainment break.
http://www.bofunk.com/video/776/suck...et_engine.html
The guy did live!!!!!! So lets ask him what he thinks about Vacuum/Suction in front a an engine.
Enjoy the entertainment break.
http://www.bofunk.com/video/776/suck...et_engine.html
Originally Posted by pure&simple
I'm arriving late to this party, and what an interesting party it has been...
I think the confusion centers mainly on definition of the term vacuum, so let me share my theory (sorry, no hard data) and try to unmuddy the waters a bit. Let me know if this makes sense...
Turn on the hair dryer... air is moving, but if you measure the pressure at the inlet, it should be at atmospheric, i.e. no vacuum. Tape an empty toilet paper tube to the inlet. Air continues to move, and the inlet remains at atmospheric pressure. Put your hand over the intake end of the toilet paper tube... the inlet remains at atmospheric, but now you should have created measurable vacuum *inside* the tube because you're hand is an obstruction that the air cannot move around fast enough to remain at atmospheric pressure inside the tube.
Now think about a normally aspirated engine. At WOT, the engine is pumping air at maximum capacity, but measured inlet pressure is atmospheric, and measured intake manifold pressure should be nearly atmospheric because the throttle body is providing only minimal restriction to the pumping action of the engine and the air is able to move fast enough around the throttle body to resolve the pressure differential. At idle, still no vacuum at the inlet, however there is measured vacuum at the intake manifold because of the large obstruction posed by the nearly-closed throttle body (like your hand over the tube).
Now add the supercharger into the mix. At WOT, the engine is still pumping air at maximum capacity as before, but the supercharger is also pumping air and pumping it faster than the engine can ingest it, creating measurable boost on the outlet side of the supercharger. Supercharger inlet remains at atompsheric. At idle, the supercharger isn't doing much of anything because it's spinning slow enough as to be insignificant in creating boost. Measured intake manifold vacuum should be similar, if not identical, to a NA engine. This was obehave's hypothesis as well. Still, supercharger inlet pressure remains atompsheric.
So does the hair dryer, the NA engine, or the supercharged engine actually create measurable vacuum in front of the inlet? No. Measurable vacuum is only possible in back of an obstruction in the intake path, such as a mostly closed throttle body, or your hand over the toilet paper tube (or, I suppose, with an absolutely ridiculous pressure differential). The key word, of course, is "measurable" vacuum, because obviously a pressure differential is making the air move. It's just that the air moves so fast, it resolves the pressure differential almost instantly. This was obehave's point - there is no measurable vacuum at the inlet so how can you say a vacuum exists there? To say that a supercharger creates a vacuum at its inlet is not really accurate in engineering terms, nor in the way that the word is typically used in the automotive field.
Does that help?
I think the confusion centers mainly on definition of the term vacuum, so let me share my theory (sorry, no hard data) and try to unmuddy the waters a bit. Let me know if this makes sense...Turn on the hair dryer... air is moving, but if you measure the pressure at the inlet, it should be at atmospheric, i.e. no vacuum. Tape an empty toilet paper tube to the inlet. Air continues to move, and the inlet remains at atmospheric pressure. Put your hand over the intake end of the toilet paper tube... the inlet remains at atmospheric, but now you should have created measurable vacuum *inside* the tube because you're hand is an obstruction that the air cannot move around fast enough to remain at atmospheric pressure inside the tube.
Now think about a normally aspirated engine. At WOT, the engine is pumping air at maximum capacity, but measured inlet pressure is atmospheric, and measured intake manifold pressure should be nearly atmospheric because the throttle body is providing only minimal restriction to the pumping action of the engine and the air is able to move fast enough around the throttle body to resolve the pressure differential. At idle, still no vacuum at the inlet, however there is measured vacuum at the intake manifold because of the large obstruction posed by the nearly-closed throttle body (like your hand over the tube).
Now add the supercharger into the mix. At WOT, the engine is still pumping air at maximum capacity as before, but the supercharger is also pumping air and pumping it faster than the engine can ingest it, creating measurable boost on the outlet side of the supercharger. Supercharger inlet remains at atompsheric. At idle, the supercharger isn't doing much of anything because it's spinning slow enough as to be insignificant in creating boost. Measured intake manifold vacuum should be similar, if not identical, to a NA engine. This was obehave's hypothesis as well. Still, supercharger inlet pressure remains atompsheric.
So does the hair dryer, the NA engine, or the supercharged engine actually create measurable vacuum in front of the inlet? No. Measurable vacuum is only possible in back of an obstruction in the intake path, such as a mostly closed throttle body, or your hand over the toilet paper tube (or, I suppose, with an absolutely ridiculous pressure differential). The key word, of course, is "measurable" vacuum, because obviously a pressure differential is making the air move. It's just that the air moves so fast, it resolves the pressure differential almost instantly. This was obehave's point - there is no measurable vacuum at the inlet so how can you say a vacuum exists there? To say that a supercharger creates a vacuum at its inlet is not really accurate in engineering terms, nor in the way that the word is typically used in the automotive field.
Does that help?
Thank you
That's what I've been trying to explain all along. I htought I had done a decent job and it seems everyone but my 3 original detractors agreed.
I fully expect Mr Sarcastic to come along and say that is what he was trying to say
I'm just going to ignore, for now, DialM's idiocy in his above post. I'm having fun "getting my hands dirty" but I honestly don't give a shi* about putting my finger on some grey tube
Originally Posted by obehave
Thanks for clearly proving you don't know what you're talking about.
Twin screw and centrifugal SC works very, very differently than roots/eatons do. To bring them into this discussion just muddies the water.
Let's leave those designs for another lesson and stick to the question at hand.
While you're at it please do email the good folks at HowStuffWorks and clear that little bit up for them.
Ceteris parabus(proper spelling) means if I recall right " all things being the same". What does all things being the same have to do with air moving from high to low pressure. How can that ever change? It's a physical constant so that will always be the same.
Braccae tuae aperiuntur
Twin screw and centrifugal SC works very, very differently than roots/eatons do. To bring them into this discussion just muddies the water.
Let's leave those designs for another lesson and stick to the question at hand.
While you're at it please do email the good folks at HowStuffWorks and clear that little bit up for them.
Ceteris parabus(proper spelling) means if I recall right " all things being the same". What does all things being the same have to do with air moving from high to low pressure. How can that ever change? It's a physical constant so that will always be the same.
Braccae tuae aperiuntur
I stated that air moves from high to low pressure, ceteris parabus. Why "ceteris parabus," you ask? Because I didn't want to detail the myriad other variables that affect airflow, such as temperature, humidity, etc. Regarding the spelling, I have refrained from harping on your spelling and grammar, but I can do it in the future if you like.
Originally Posted by Mr. Pep'r
We had to watch this video taken on an aircraft carrier in college a few times.
The guy did live!!!!!! So lets ask him what he thinks about Vacuum/Suction in front a an engine.
Enjoy the entertainment break.
http://www.bofunk.com/video/776/suck...et_engine.html
The guy did live!!!!!! So lets ask him what he thinks about Vacuum/Suction in front a an engine.
Enjoy the entertainment break.
http://www.bofunk.com/video/776/suck...et_engine.html
Originally Posted by obehave
I said can create a vacuum. In a particular application. Just not in the application we're discussing.
What does the slang term have to do with this debate. I took philosophy in high. Psych and philosophy in college. You assertion that I would have learned this expression in those classes is obviously flawed. Just like your supercharger argument.
Like most bullies and losers you think attacking me on a personal level and avoiding the argument is the way to win. No matter how wrong you are if you can "beat me up" it makes you right. "Might makes Right" is a very medieval mentality.
Now I'm not going to bother debating the philosophical term with you. I'll just say you're right. Me not having heard of it or being familiar with it in now way demonstrates a lack of intellect or education.
Your being right on this point does not establish the corollary that it makes you right about the supercharger question.
I do find it amusing that you've chosen to lash out at saifa. Me I can understand but to insult him and by inference establish that you are, in your mind, correct whereas How Stuff Works is wrong is once again the actions of a bully. Lashing out in a childlike fit of temper thinking insults and false arguments make you right. Shouting louder makes you the winner.
Laughable at best but more like just sad.
BTW I posted a link to HowStuffWorks in post #22. Guess nobody but saifa bothered to try and educate themselves on this topic.
What does the slang term have to do with this debate. I took philosophy in high. Psych and philosophy in college. You assertion that I would have learned this expression in those classes is obviously flawed. Just like your supercharger argument.
Like most bullies and losers you think attacking me on a personal level and avoiding the argument is the way to win. No matter how wrong you are if you can "beat me up" it makes you right. "Might makes Right" is a very medieval mentality.
Now I'm not going to bother debating the philosophical term with you. I'll just say you're right. Me not having heard of it or being familiar with it in now way demonstrates a lack of intellect or education.
Your being right on this point does not establish the corollary that it makes you right about the supercharger question.
I do find it amusing that you've chosen to lash out at saifa. Me I can understand but to insult him and by inference establish that you are, in your mind, correct whereas How Stuff Works is wrong is once again the actions of a bully. Lashing out in a childlike fit of temper thinking insults and false arguments make you right. Shouting louder makes you the winner.
Laughable at best but more like just sad.
BTW I posted a link to HowStuffWorks in post #22. Guess nobody but saifa bothered to try and educate themselves on this topic.
I am not sure why you continue to call me names, call me stupid, and call me wrong, and then in the same post accuse me of being a bully and "lashing out in a childlike fit of temper." I think it is painfully obvious to anyone reading this thread which of us has lost his temper.
I will not address your alleged answers, as none answers the question: why does air move toward the supercharger? If the supercharger was disconnected on the outlet side (discharge), it would still draw air, and none of you alleged answers addresses this point.
Originally Posted by dominicminicoopers
So which way does the one-way valve flow?
The top connection line is pure vacuum.
When I left the top hose/line connected and removed the bottom connection. At first the nothing happened but after a few seconds it started to make a popping sound and sucking with the popping.
Dude I am all about learning things about this Mini. So what exactly did I accomplish and what does that check valve do?
Thanks
DialM, watch my video link I posted.
The results are all realitive to the application....but never the less....the video speaks for itself.
On a good note......our Mini has it's wheels back on after three and a half weeks.......and this is what I have to say.....SO LONG SUCKERS I'M GOING MOTORING TO THE DEALERSHIP TO SHOW OFF PEP'Rs NEW KICKS!!!!!!!
The results are all realitive to the application....but never the less....the video speaks for itself.
On a good note......our Mini has it's wheels back on after three and a half weeks.......and this is what I have to say.....SO LONG SUCKERS I'M GOING MOTORING TO THE DEALERSHIP TO SHOW OFF PEP'Rs NEW KICKS!!!!!!!
Originally Posted by pure&simple
I'm arriving late to this party, and what an interesting party it has been...
I think the confusion centers mainly on definition of the term vacuum, so let me share my theory (sorry, no hard data) and try to unmuddy the waters a bit. Let me know if this makes sense...
Turn on the hair dryer... air is moving, but if you measure the pressure at the inlet, it should be at atmospheric, i.e. no vacuum. Tape an empty toilet paper tube to the inlet. Air continues to move, and the inlet remains at atmospheric pressure. Put your hand over the intake end of the toilet paper tube... the inlet remains at atmospheric, but now you should have created measurable vacuum *inside* the tube because you're hand is an obstruction that the air cannot move around fast enough to remain at atmospheric pressure inside the tube.
Now think about a normally aspirated engine. At WOT, the engine is pumping air at maximum capacity, but measured inlet pressure is atmospheric, and measured intake manifold pressure should be nearly atmospheric because the throttle body is providing only minimal restriction to the pumping action of the engine and the air is able to move fast enough around the throttle body to resolve the pressure differential. At idle, still no vacuum at the inlet, however there is measured vacuum at the intake manifold because of the large obstruction posed by the nearly-closed throttle body (like your hand over the tube).
Now add the supercharger into the mix. At WOT, the engine is still pumping air at maximum capacity as before, but the supercharger is also pumping air and pumping it faster than the engine can ingest it, creating measurable boost on the outlet side of the supercharger. Supercharger inlet remains at atompsheric. At idle, the supercharger isn't doing much of anything because it's spinning slow enough as to be insignificant in creating boost. Measured intake manifold vacuum should be similar, if not identical, to a NA engine. This was obehave's hypothesis as well. Still, supercharger inlet pressure remains atompsheric.
So does the hair dryer, the NA engine, or the supercharged engine actually create measurable vacuum in front of the inlet? No. Measurable vacuum is only possible in back of an obstruction in the intake path, such as a mostly closed throttle body, or your hand over the toilet paper tube (or, I suppose, with an absolutely ridiculous pressure differential). The key word, of course, is "measurable" vacuum, because obviously a pressure differential is making the air move. It's just that the air moves so fast, it resolves the pressure differential almost instantly. This was obehave's point - there is no measurable vacuum at the inlet so how can you say a vacuum exists there? To say that a supercharger creates a vacuum at its inlet is not really accurate in engineering terms, nor in the way that the word is typically used in the automotive field.
Does that help?
I think the confusion centers mainly on definition of the term vacuum, so let me share my theory (sorry, no hard data) and try to unmuddy the waters a bit. Let me know if this makes sense...Turn on the hair dryer... air is moving, but if you measure the pressure at the inlet, it should be at atmospheric, i.e. no vacuum. Tape an empty toilet paper tube to the inlet. Air continues to move, and the inlet remains at atmospheric pressure. Put your hand over the intake end of the toilet paper tube... the inlet remains at atmospheric, but now you should have created measurable vacuum *inside* the tube because you're hand is an obstruction that the air cannot move around fast enough to remain at atmospheric pressure inside the tube.
Now think about a normally aspirated engine. At WOT, the engine is pumping air at maximum capacity, but measured inlet pressure is atmospheric, and measured intake manifold pressure should be nearly atmospheric because the throttle body is providing only minimal restriction to the pumping action of the engine and the air is able to move fast enough around the throttle body to resolve the pressure differential. At idle, still no vacuum at the inlet, however there is measured vacuum at the intake manifold because of the large obstruction posed by the nearly-closed throttle body (like your hand over the tube).
Now add the supercharger into the mix. At WOT, the engine is still pumping air at maximum capacity as before, but the supercharger is also pumping air and pumping it faster than the engine can ingest it, creating measurable boost on the outlet side of the supercharger. Supercharger inlet remains at atompsheric. At idle, the supercharger isn't doing much of anything because it's spinning slow enough as to be insignificant in creating boost. Measured intake manifold vacuum should be similar, if not identical, to a NA engine. This was obehave's hypothesis as well. Still, supercharger inlet pressure remains atompsheric.
So does the hair dryer, the NA engine, or the supercharged engine actually create measurable vacuum in front of the inlet? No. Measurable vacuum is only possible in back of an obstruction in the intake path, such as a mostly closed throttle body, or your hand over the toilet paper tube (or, I suppose, with an absolutely ridiculous pressure differential). The key word, of course, is "measurable" vacuum, because obviously a pressure differential is making the air move. It's just that the air moves so fast, it resolves the pressure differential almost instantly. This was obehave's point - there is no measurable vacuum at the inlet so how can you say a vacuum exists there? To say that a supercharger creates a vacuum at its inlet is not really accurate in engineering terms, nor in the way that the word is typically used in the automotive field.
Does that help?
Originally Posted by DialM
I have seen that before, and it never ceases to amaze me that the guy lived!
Ok....NOW I AM OUT OF HERE!
Be back later!
Originally Posted by DialM
Excellent post. One thing: the "pressure differential" is never resolved while the supercharger is running, that is why the air continues to flow. Bolding added by me.
Saifa is wrong
How Stuff Works is wrong
I am wrong
pure&simple is wrong ( who from what I have read knows a lot more than you or I)
Only you are right.
I have actually just been having fun, baiting you, posting in a way to draw you out, expose your ignorance, etc.
To me that's been done and it's quite clear you are wrong or just don't understand the concept. Two others here posted inaccuracies or agreed with you because they really don't understand the fundamentals of a forced induction system and ***...umed you were right.
So, I'm done. If that allows you to think you've won, oh well. I can live with that.
Arly, I'm sorry your thread took a crap.
I tend to be terse and to the point.
Let me rephrase my thoughts like this.
All the people on this site, and many sites, who are most respected are those who spell well(yes we all screw up here), don't make empirical statements without facts to back them up, and do the research.
meb, pure&simple, onasled, Dr O, TonyB, etc all are respected. I've left out others I'm sure. I'm in a hurry to get back to doing my header wrap and testing. Man do I ever wish I had an at home blast cabinet
It really wasn't an "attack" it was just a bit of my bluntness.
DialM now. Him I attacked
Originally Posted by Mr. Pep'r
This was a very good post pure&simple, what I think is happening is people are missing some key words.
Also the tone of your thread was that of politeness, IMHO if the thread had remained that way it would not be up to six oh seven pages now.
I have a question and not an attack.....
Using the toilet paper roll analogy, isn't this the same as our intake and isn't it creating a form a of restriction?
Thanks
Also the tone of your thread was that of politeness, IMHO if the thread had remained that way it would not be up to six oh seven pages now.

I have a question and not an attack.....
Using the toilet paper roll analogy, isn't this the same as our intake and isn't it creating a form a of restriction?
Thanks
First, take the empty toilet paper roll tube. It's only about 6" long and it's straight. Tape that onto your hair dryer and it's probably not offering measurable resistance. Measure pressure at the inlet of the tube and compare to pressure at the outlet (just before the hair dryer) and it's probably not different. The air is able to keep up, and everything remains at atmospheric.
Now make the tube 60' long, but keep it straight. Pressure at the inlet of the tube will always remain at atmospheric because there is so much air all around waiting to take the place of the air that moves into the tube. Pressure at the outlet of the tube remains atmospheric because the wimpy little hair dryer isn't really up to the task of moving that much air fast enough to create a pressure differential.
Now lets suppose that the hair dryer is powerful enough to actually accelerate that entire column of air quickly. When you start the engine up, perhaps there is a measurable pressure differential at the outlet of the tube for a second or so, however, once the air column is accelerating evenly, again you're probably back to atmospheric at the tube outlet, although the air is moving very fast. Incidentally, this is why it's better to have as short an intake path as possible on your car. Because the air column is small it can accelerate faster and give better throttle response.
Now put all kinds of convoluted bends, contractions, and expansions in the tube. Inlet is still at atmospheric, but perhaps the outlet has just a bit (1-2psi???) of vacuum (air pressure below atmospheric) because the air can't quite keep up given the additional friction, compression/expansion, and turbulence created by the hose. This is why we optimize the intake systems on our cars. The intercooler in particular is a component that creates resistance, or "pressure drop" in the intake path.
Originally Posted by Mr. Pep'r
DialM, watch my video link I posted. The results are all realitive to the application....but never the less....the video speaks for itself.
Here's a different kind of example... go outside in a hurricane. Measure the pressure 100' upwind from the pressure 100' downwind. Any different? Nope (although I have no plans to actually test this either
). Now measure the air pressure 100 miles upwind from the pressure 100 miles downwind. Is there a differential? Most likely, although I would guess it to be no more than 2 psi (could someone who knows the physics of weather chime in here as to the typical pressure differential in psi between a high-pressure system and a low pressure system?) In this case, the pressure differential exists because of the long distance the air must travel.I'm trying to think of a man-made device powerful enough to sustain a pressure differential (vacuum) at its inlet without any sort of restriction (like a convoluted tube with a throttlebody on it) and nothing is coming to mind. Perhaps others can think of something...
Originally Posted by DialM
Excellent post. One thing: the "pressure differential" is never resolved while the supercharger is running, that is why the air continues to flow. Bolding added by me.
Here's another way to look at it. If there really was vacuum, that's the same as saying air at the inlet would be less dense than the air all around it. Air doesn't like that kind of non-equilibrium - to use the cliche, "Nature abhors a vacuum". The supercharger is just not nearly powerful enough to overcome air's reluctance to allow pressure differentials to exist.
Last edited by pure&simple; Jul 1, 2006 at 10:36 AM. Reason: add another example
Originally Posted by obehave
OK So far <snip>
pure&simple is wrong ( who from what I have read knows a lot more than you or I)
pure&simple is wrong ( who from what I have read knows a lot more than you or I)
Perhaps it's true, but the more likely scenario is that I'm just good at keeping it simple. And pure. Yeah, pure & simple. I like that.
Originally Posted by dominicminicoopers
It's been three days and no-one has reported back any findings whatsoever. Some say they already know what it's doing. Some say they conducted the above test. However no-one has reported their findings. What a bummer that so many want to "keyboard"-wrench and not actually talk about what it actually occurring in real life. I think the ol' saying is quite apropo here: You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot force 'em to drink.
Originally Posted by pure&simple
Actually, my contention is that the pressure differential created by the spinning of the supercharger vanes is being resolved over and over so quickly that there is no measurable vacuum at the supercharger inlet. See my comments above on the jet engine video.
Here's another way to look at it. If there really was vacuum, that's the same as saying air at the inlet would be less dense than the air all around it. Air doesn't like that kind of non-equilibrium - to use the cliche, "Nature abhors a vacuum". The supercharger is just not nearly powerful enough to overcome air's reluctance to allow pressure differentials to exist.
Here's another way to look at it. If there really was vacuum, that's the same as saying air at the inlet would be less dense than the air all around it. Air doesn't like that kind of non-equilibrium - to use the cliche, "Nature abhors a vacuum". The supercharger is just not nearly powerful enough to overcome air's reluctance to allow pressure differentials to exist.
While creating boost, in a roots charger for sure, resistance on the outlet side is what creates the increase in pressure. You, in essence, have air stacked up and waiting for someplace to go. There would have to be some physics altering zone inside the supercharger for there to be air at positive pressure on one side and a vacuum, a true vacuum state, on the other.
That's one aspect of superchargers I have thought to be true for a long time. You thought
s would be appreciate. Back to wrapping and installing exhaust manifolds.
Originally Posted by ScottinBend
How about the saying that those who can't spout off on forums. We all are aware of the vacuum that is created on the grey line from the pvc valve. [Emphasis added.] So what is your point?


It really is soo much easier to log onto NAM and start spouting. With the grey/gray line, you have to open up the hood/bonnet and actually locate the line. Then you have to start the engine and find the end of the grey/gray line that is opposite from the pcv valve - how many poseurs know what pcv stands for? After locating the end of the grey/gray line that is opposite from the pcv valve, you have to actually diconnect it.... See how much easier it is to log onto NAM and start spouting????
Originally Posted by ScottinBend
I am not sure what you mean? Are you attempting to answer my question to dom about his challenge?
Originally Posted by obehave
While creating boost, in a roots charger for sure, resistance on the outlet side is what creates the increase in pressure. You, in essence, have air stacked up and waiting for someplace to go.
And take a NA engine in isolation running at maximum capacity. We've already established that it makes vacuum at the intake manifold because of the inlet tube attached to it (intake path) and the restrictive device (throttlebody) on the end of that tube, however, I suppose you could also say that the engine makes "boost" on its outlet side, because it's also attached to a outlet tube (exhaust system) with restrictive devices (cats & muffler) on it.
I love symmetry.



